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EthioNurse.com

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CNA Ultimate Review

ሁሉም 13 ምዕራፎች በዝርዝር ተብራርተዋል። እያንዳንዱ ካርድ እና ነጥብ "ለምን" እና "እንዴት" የሚለውን ይመልሳል። ✅ 16 Essential Topics

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Handwashing

#1 Infection Control

Why is this crucial?

Handwashing is the single most effective way to prevent the spread of infection. It breaks the chain of infection at the "Method of Transmission" link.

Key Actions:

  • 20 Seconds: Use friction to physically lift germs.
  • Hands Down: Prevents dirty water running up arms.
  • Dry: Don't shake hands (spreads water/germs).
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PPE Order

Donning vs Doffing

Safety First

Proper sequence prevents contaminating your uniform or skin. The outside of gloves is the most contaminated area.

  • ON: Gown -> Mask -> Gloves.
  • OFF: Gloves -> Gown -> Mask.
  • Why? Remove dirtiest items first to protect clean face.
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Safety Check

Before Leaving

Critical Steps

Falls are the leading cause of injury. Leaving a bed high or unlocked is immediate negligence.

  • Bed: Lowest position & Locked.
  • Call Light: Within hand's reach.
  • Environment: Clear clutter/spills immediately.
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Vital Signs

Normals

Know Your Baseline

Report changes immediately. A BP change from 120 to 90 is significant even if "normal" for others.

  • BP: 120/80 (Report >140 or <90).
  • Pulse: 60-100 (Count 1 full min if irreg).
  • Temp: 98.6°F (Rectal is most accurate).
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Positioning

Prevention

Why Reposition?

Pressure ulcers can form in 2 hours. Frequent turning restores blood flow to bony areas.

  • Fowlers: Eating/Breathing (Prevents aspiration).
  • Lateral: Relieves sacral pressure.
  • Sims: Enema insertion.
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Feeding

Aspiration

Aspiration Risk

Food entering the lungs causes pneumonia. Gravity helps keep food down.

  • Upright: 90° during meal.
  • After: Stay up 30 mins (Digestion).
  • Dysphagia: Use thickened liquids (Honey/Nectar).
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Dementia

Care Strategies

Communication

Logic does not work with dementia. Arguing increases agitation.

  • Validation: "Tell me about your mom" (Don't say she died).
  • Sundowning: Increase lights/activity in evening.
  • Choices: Limit to 2 options.
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Legal

Your Role

Protect Yourself

You are legally responsible for your actions. Ignorance is not a defense.

  • Scope: Do NOT give meds/insert tubes.
  • HIPAA: Keep info private.
  • Abuse: Mandated reporter (Report immediately).
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Diabetes

Hypo vs Hyper

Know the Signs

Hypoglycemia (Low) is an immediate emergency. Hyperglycemia (High) is chronic damage.

  • Hypo (Low): Cold, Clammy, Shaky. (Needs sugar!)
  • Hyper (High): Hot, Dry, Thirsty.
  • Foot Care: Inspect daily, dry between toes.
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Seizure

Emergency Response

Do's & Don'ts

Safety is the only goal during a seizure. Do not try to stop the movements.

  • Protect Head: Place pillow under head.
  • Side Lying: Prevents choking/aspiration.
  • Never: Put anything in mouth or restrain.
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Choking

Airway Obstruction

Act Fast

Brain damage starts in 4-6 minutes without oxygen.

  • Sign: Hands to throat, silent cough.
  • Action: Abdominal Thrusts (Heimlich).
  • Unconscious: Start CPR immediately.
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Post-Mortem

Care After Death

Respect & Dignity

Prepare the body for family viewing before rigor mortis sets in (2-4 hours).

  • Position: Supine, head on one pillow.
  • Clean: Bathe, fresh gown, dentures in.
  • Privacy: Close eyes/mouth, dim lights.
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Catheter

Infection Control

Prevent CAUTI

Catheter Associated UTIs are common. Gravity drainage is key.

  • Position: Bag always BELOW bladder.
  • Cleaning: 4 inches away from body (down).
  • Safety: No kinks, off the floor.
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ROM

Mobility

Prevent Contractures

Muscles shorten if not used. ROM keeps joints flexible.

  • Passive: You move the joint. Support it!
  • Stop: If patient feels pain/resistance.
  • Frequency: Usually 3-5 times per joint.
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Foot Care

Diabetic Safety

Diabetic Risks

Poor circulation + Neuropathy = Infection/Amputation risk.

  • Dry: Dry VERY well between toes.
  • Lotion: NEVER put lotion between toes.
  • Nails: File only, do not cut.
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Bed Bath

Clean to Dirty

Sequence Matters

Prevents moving bacteria from dirty areas to clean areas.

  • Face: First. No soap near eyes.
  • Eyes: Inner corner to Outer corner.
  • Peri-Care: Last. Front to Back. change water.